Demak Universal Journal of Islam and Sharia

Corporate Social Responsibility in Islamic Banks of Bangladesh: A Trend Analysis

2025-05-04T10:19:34+07:00

Objective: The study aims to explore the sector-wise contributions to Corporate Social Responsibility activities by full-fledged Islamic banks of Bangladesh and Evaluate the consistency and effectiveness of CSR practices across different Islamic banks. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework for this study is grounded in Stakeholder Theory and Islamic Ethical Principles, emphasizing the obligation of Islamic banks to uphold social justice, transparency, and community welfare. It explores how Shariah-compliant institutions integrate CSR into operations, guided by both religious values and stakeholder expectations and analyzes emerging trends in their CSR practices in Bangladesh. Literature review: The literature review includes data and publications central bank (Bangladesh Bank), academic papers, reports from Islamic banks, articles, and previous research studies, reputable news outlets, financial reports, and different publications from both government and non-governmental organizations involved in CSR initiatives of Bangladesh. Methods: This study utilizes CSR expenditure data from full-fledged Islamic banks, covering the period from (July to December) 2018 to 2022, sourced primarily from Bangladesh Bank publications. Tables, graphs, and charts will be employed to visually represent the data and support the interpretation of the findings. Results: The analysis reveals a steady increase in CSR expenditures and a growing emphasis on key sectors such as disaster management, healthcare education, etc. From 65.69 Crore BDT in 2018 (July- December) to 255.07 Crore BDT in 2022 (July- December), representing more than a quadrupling of the initial amount. Implications: These findings These findings provide important implications for stakeholders. The trend analysis of CSR practices in Islamic banks in Bangladesh indicates a steady yet encouraging development in their social responsibility efforts. While many banks are actively contributing to areas like charity, healthcare, and education, a truly comprehensive approach that reflects Islamic ethical principles and a focus on long-term sustainability is still missing. Novelty: The novelty of this study lies in its cross-biannual comparative approach and specific focus on the expenditure of full-fledged Islamic banks in corporate social responsibility, which has not been systematically studied in the context of Bangladesh.

Zakat as a Legal Obligation in Sharia within the Context of Contemporary Taxation Systems

2025-05-10T19:03:31+07:00

Objective: This study aims to investigate the feasibility and implications of integrating Zakat, an Islamic obligatory almsgiving system, into modern state taxation structures within Muslim-majority countries. Theoretical framework: The research is grounded in two complementary theoretical frameworks: fiscal sociology, which explores how taxation reflects socio-legal norms, and Islamic economic theory, which emphasizes wealth redistribution through moral and religious obligations. Literature review: The literature review highlights that while scholars such as Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Monzer Kahf, and Habib Ahmed have extensively discussed zakat’s socio-economic role, there remains a gap in practical models that link zakat to national tax regimes without compromising Sharia principles or state fiscal efficiency. The coexistence of these systems often leads to conceptual confusion and administrative inefficiencies, particularly in countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia. Methods: Methodologically, this research adopts a qualitative, comparative legal and economic approach, drawing on policy documents, legal statutes, and case studies from selected Muslim-majority countries. It critically examines institutional frameworks, public finance policies, and compliance behavior, while also employing doctrinal analysis of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah (objectives of Islamic law) to assess religious alignment. Results: The findings reveal that integration is hampered by legal fragmentation, institutional redundancy, and low public trust. However, models that incorporate zakat into the tax system—either through deductions, exemptions, or parallel recognition—demonstrate improved compliance, reduced welfare burdens on the state, and enhanced civic participation rooted in religious ethics. The study proposes a Hybrid Integration Framework comprising legal recognition, digital registries, transparent oversight, taxpayer choice mechanisms, and intersectoral collaboration. Implications: The implications of this research are significant for policymakers seeking to harmonize Sharia-based obligations with secular governance systems. By fostering synergy between religious mandates and public finance tools, this study offers a pathway toward more equitable and accountable fiscal models. Novelty: The novelty of this study lies in its dual-theoretical lens and the practical policy framework it develops for integrating religious and civic financial duties in a way that aligns with both ethical and administrative imperatives.

Laws and Guidelines for Muamalah Through Social Media: Sharia Perspectives in the Digital Era

2025-06-18T16:56:57+07:00

Objective: This study is to systematically examine the laws and guidelines of mutual understanding through social media from the perspective of Islamic law, in response to the rapid development of economic and social interaction on digital platforms. Theoretical framework: this research is based on sharia principles taken from the Qur'an and Hadith, as well as Islamic ethical values such as honesty (shidq), Amanah, tabayyun, and clarity of the contract. Literature review: This research includes primary sources such as the Qur'an and Hadith, as well as secondary sources in the form of jurisprudence, scientific articles, MUI fatwas, and laws and regulations relevant to digital muamalah. Methods: This study uses a qualitative approach with the library research method, through an in-depth analysis of literature related to Islamic law and interaction on social media. Results: This study shows that muamalah through social media is permissible in Islam as long as it does not contradict sharia principles such as the prohibition of riba, gharar, maysir, and tadlis. This research also emphasizes the importance of applying Islamic ethics in digital interactions. Implications: This study highlights the need to increase education about digital fiqh muamalah fiqh, collaboration between scholars, the government, and digital platforms, as well as the preparation of regulations that are adaptive to technological developments to minimize sharia violations on social media. Novelty: this research lies in the systematization of comprehensive sharia guidelines in muamalah on social media, which can be a practical reference for Muslims in interacting digitally responsibly and by religious teachings.

Sharia Pharmacy: Ethical Perspectives on Generic Drug Use in Contemporary Medical Practice

2025-01-14T17:22:10+07:00

Objective: To analyze the relationship between modern pharmaceutical practices and Sharia principles, focusing on the halal compliance of generic drugs, and to explore how these principles enhance accessibility, fairness, and ethical integrity in healthcare. Theoretical framework: This study is grounded in Sharia pharmacy principles, emphasizing Islamic ethics (halal, fairness, and social responsibility) as well as the balance of benefits and risks in modern pharmaceutical practices. Literature review: The review includes studies on the development and use of generic drugs in Indonesia, the integration of halal certification in pharmaceutical production, and the ethical considerations in Sharia-compliant healthcare systems. Methods: A qualitative approach analyzing regulations, halal certification standards, and ethical guidelines in Sharia pharmacy, combined with a conceptual analysis of the alignment between generic drug practices and Islamic values. Results: The findings highlight that generic drugs, when produced according to halal principles, provide both affordability and ethical assurance. The study confirms the importance of halal certification to ensure the suitability of pharmaceutical products for the Muslim community and the alignment of modern practices with Sharia ethics. Implications: The study suggests the need for stronger collaboration between pharmaceutical companies, halal certification bodies, and healthcare professionals to ensure the integrity and accessibility of Sharia-compliant medicines in Indonesia. Novelty: This research uniquely bridges the gap between modern pharmaceutical practices and Sharia ethics, offering a comprehensive perspective on how generic drugs can fulfill both economic and religious requirements in the healthcare system.

The Influence of Sharia Health Ethics on Pharmaceutical Innovation in the Muslim World

2025-01-14T17:23:40+07:00

Objective: This study aims to analyze the integration of Islamic philosophy with the concept of health and its influence on the development of modern pharmacy, especially in the application of Islamic values to halal, ethical, and sustainability standards. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework of this research is based on the maqasid sharia, which emphasizes the preservation of the soul, health, and well-being, as well as the philosophical thought of Islamic science represented by the contributions of classical scientists such as Al-Razi, Ibn Sina, and Al-Zahrawi in the development of pharmaceuticals. Literature review: A literature review involved 15 journals accessed through trusted databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar), which discussed the contributions of Muslim scientists to herbal medicine, clinical observation, pharmaceutical innovation, and the application of Islamic values in pharmaceutical research and production. Methods: This study uses a literature review method with a qualitative approach, analyzing relevant academic articles and journals to identify the integration of Islamic values in modern pharmacy. Results: The results of the study show that classical Muslim scientists made significant contributions to modern pharmacy, including herbal medicine techniques and pharmaceutical innovations. In addition, Islamic values encourage the application of halal standards in the ingredients, production, and distribution of medicines. The challenges that arise include regulatory limitations and gaps in understanding the application of Islamic values in the pharmaceutical industry. Implications: These findings emphasize the importance of cross-sectoral collaboration between academia, industry, and regulators to develop modern pharmaceuticals based on Islamic values. This approach is considered more ethical, sustainable, and by the needs of the Muslim community. Novelty: This research offers a new perspective by integrating Islamic philosophy of science and health concepts into the development of modern pharmaceuticals, which have rarely been comprehensively discussed in previous research.

Cairo's Halal Restaurant Industry: Exploring Sharia-Based Financing and Fatwa Influence

2025-08-07T21:12:17+07:00

Objective: This study aims to analyze the level of Sharia compliance in the financing practices of mudharabah contracts based on the fatwas of the Council of Egyptian Scholars, using the case study of a Sharia Restaurant in Egypt. This research is motivated by the importance of implementing Sharia principles in financial transactions, particularly in the microeconomic sector, to align with the values of justice and transparency as taught in Islam. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework of this study refers to the concept of Sharia compliance and the fundamental principles of fiqh muamalat, particularly in syirkah and mudharabah contracts, as well as contemporary perspectives on fatwas as a source of Islamic economic law. Literature review: The literature review includes previous studies on the implementation of mudharabah contracts in the microeconomic sector and emphasizes the importance of supervision by local scholars in economic practices. Methods: This study employs a qualitative approach using in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation to thoroughly explore the financing practices implemented. Results: The findings reveal that the Sharia Restaurant in Egypt has implemented mudharabah contracts by the fatwas of the Egyptian Scholars Council, through profit-sharing mechanisms based on pre-agreed ratios (nisbah), transparent fund management, and active involvement of business partners in decision-making processes. These practices reflect the principles of justice, shared responsibility, and the avoidance of gharar (uncertainty) and riba (usury). Implications: The implications of this study highlight that adherence to local fatwas can serve as a strategic guide for strengthening Sharia-based microeconomics. For Islamic financial institutions and micro-entrepreneurs, this study offers insight and inspiration for implementing Sharia-compliant partnership-based contracts. Novelty: The novelty of this research lies in its focus on the local Egyptian context, which is rarely explored in the Sharia compliance literature, as well as its analytical approach to the implementation of local scholars’ fatwas in microeconomic practices.

Islamic Law in Plural Legal Systems and the SDGs: A Comparative Analysis of Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Kenya

2025-08-22T17:22:30+07:00

Objective: This study aims to analyze how Islamic law is interpreted, institutionalized, and practiced in the fields of family, inheritance, and Islamic finance, as well as how these interpretations interact with national constitutions and international human rights norms. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework of this research is based on the concept of legal pluralism, the relationship between religious law and state law, and the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 5 (Gender Equality), SDG 10 (Reducing Inequality), and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions). Literature review: Reviews the theory of legal pluralism, constitutional debates in multireligious postcolonial countries, and previous studies of Islamic legal practice in Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Kenya, with a focus on issues of gender, judicial consistency, and human rights. Methods: This study uses a comparative qualitative method with a doctrinal legal analysis approach, legal case evaluation, and secondary literature synthesis. Data were analyzed across jurisdictions to compare Islamic legal practices in Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Kenya. Results: The results show different models of Islamic law implementation: Indonesia combines national and regional authorities (e.g., in Aceh), Bangladesh enforces Islamic family law through civil courts, while Kenya restricts sharia to the constitutionally recognized Kadhi courts. Legal pluralism promotes cultural inclusion, but it also creates inconsistencies in the protection of gender rights and the coherence of the justice system. Implications: Affirms the importance of harmonizing religious law with the constitution to strengthen human rights, inclusive justice, and legal reform by the SDGs. Novelty: A comparative analysis of three countries with different contexts and the direct link of Islamic law to the global agenda of the SDGs, in particular, gender equality, inequality reduction, and institutional strengthening.

Exploring the Causes of Inter-Religious Marriages in Bangladesh: A Socio-Cultural Analysis

2025-09-02T11:27:55+07:00

Objective: This study aims to analyze the socio-cultural factors behind the increasing practice of interfaith marriage in Bangladesh, with an emphasis on the dynamics of value shifts, identity construction, and marriage practices in the broader context of social change. Theoretical framework: This study uses a socio-anthropological perspective by referring to the theories of social change, secularization, and cultural integration to explain how the transformation of modern values and identities affects the practice of interfaith marriage. Literature review: Most previous studies have highlighted interfaith marriage from a legal, moral, and theological perspective. This study expands the discussion by emphasizing the influence of urbanization, education, media, local cultural traditions (Baul and Sufi), and individual autonomy as driving factors for interfaith interaction and marriage. Methods: Using a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and document analysis of seven informants (interfaith couples, parents, students, and scholars). The data was analyzed by thematic analysis to find the main patterns in respondents' experiences and views. Results: The study found that interfaith marriage in Bangladesh is influenced by urbanization, secular values, weakening religious authority, access to higher education, and media influence. The emphasis on individual autonomy as well as legal support through the Special Marriage Act of 1872 was also an important factor, plus inclusive cultural traditions such as Baul and Sufi. However, this dynamic creates tensions with Islamic law, family norms, and religious values. Implications: Implications of these findings include the need for legal reforms that balance individual rights and social harmony, the improvement of social literacy and interfaith understanding for education, and the role of religious leaders in fostering interfaith dialogue and awareness programs. Novelty: The authenticity of the research lies in its focus on the socio-cultural realities of couples and families, not solely on legal or moral aspects. The novelty of this study lies in the integration of urbanization factors, local cultural traditions, and family dynamics to explain the shifting boundaries of interfaith marriage in Bangladesh.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Islamic Law and Philosophy: Global Trends, Key Participants, and Developing Themes

2025-09-11T09:35:29+07:00

Objective: This study maps the bibliometric landscape of the study of Islamic philosophy, law, and law for the period 2019–2024 with a focus on themes, influential figures, publication trends, and the interconnectedness of philosophy of law, ethics, and human rights in global discourse. Theoretical framework: This study uses bibliometric approaches and scientific communication theory to analyze patterns of publication, collaboration, and cross-disciplinary knowledge development. Literature review: Previous studies have shown interdisciplinary trends in Islamic philosophy, law, and economics, but not many have examined the connection between the three simultaneously. Methods: Data obtained from Scopus using a Boolean search. Of the 14,632 articles, 185 were selected for analysis with Microsoft Excel, R-Studio, and VOSViewer, covering publication trends, collaborations, institutional contributions, and keyword co-occurrence. Results: Publications peaked in 2021 and then declined. Major contributors are from the US, UK, and Indonesia. The analysis shows the close linkage between ethics, philosophy, and law with a multidisciplinary character, as well as identifying key academics and institutions. Implications: A study of the post-2021 productivity decline and increased international collaboration, especially from underrepresented regions, is needed. Novelty: This research is the first comprehensive mapping that integrates Islamic philosophy, law, and law (2019–2024), affirms multidisciplinary interconnectedness, and places Indonesia as an important actor in global academic discourse.

Scholars’ Attention to the Companions: A Bibliographic Study of Works Written about the Sahabah

2025-10-17T23:41:13+07:00

Objective: This study aims to present a comprehensive bibliographic examination of scholarly works written about the Companions (al-Sahabah) of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Its main objective is to document, classify, and analyze the intellectual efforts of Muslim scholars who, across generations, preserved the legacy and virtues of these noble individuals. Theoretical framework: Grounded in the theoretical framework of Islamic historiography and ‘ilm al-rijāl (biographical evaluation), the research highlights how scholars defined, categorized, and transmitted knowledge about the Companions, emphasizing their pivotal role in sustaining the authenticity of Islamic teachings. Literature review: The literature review reveals that studies on the Companions have long occupied a central position in Islamic scholarship. From early biographical dictionaries and Ma‘ājim al-Sahabah to specialized works focusing on virtues, hadith transmitters, and personal accounts, the diversity of these writings demonstrates the richness of Muslim intellectual tradition. Classical scholars such as Ibn Sa‘d, Ibn Hajar, and al-Dhahabi contributed profoundly to shaping the methodology for documenting the Companions’ lives. Methods: Methodologically, this research adopts an inductive and descriptive approach. It surveys a wide range of sources—both printed works and manuscripts—extending chronologically up to the death of the eminent scholar Ibn ‘Abidin (1252/1836). Each source is recorded with bibliographic precision, including information about authorship, location, and reference numbers. The study excludes general historical works, focusing instead on texts devoted specifically to the Companions. Results: The findings reveal four major categories of scholarly works: general compilations on the Companions, Ma‘ājim al-Sahabah, treatises on their virtues, and thematic studies on particular aspects such as Qur’anic manuscripts, poetry, and classifications. Collectively, these writings reflect the sustained reverence and scholarly rigor devoted to the Companions throughout Islamic history. Implications: The study’s implications extend to the preservation of Islamic heritage, highlighting the depth and continuity of Muslim scholarly engagement with early Islamic figures. Novelty: Its novelty lies in its systematic bibliographic organization of dispersed sources, providing an essential reference for future researchers in Islamic history, hadith studies, and manuscript preservation.

The Relevance of SDGs and Islamic Legal Principles in Divorce Cases to Judicial Reasoning

2025-12-10T22:52:23+07:00

This study investigates the relevance of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Islamic legal principles in shaping judicial reasoning in divorce by ṭalāq cases, with empirical attention directed toward a decision from the Selangor, Malaysia Religious Court. Objective: The primary objective is to examine how judicial reasoning incorporates Islamic legal norms, statutory requirements, and SDG commitments—particularly SDG 5 (Gender Equality), SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions), and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities)—in ensuring procedural justice, fairness, and the protection of vulnerable parties in family law disputes. Theoretical framework: The analysis draws upon Islamic family law, emphasizing maṣlaḥah, justice, and judicial discretion, combined with legal positivism and socio-legal jurisprudence. This framework allows for understanding how judges interpret textual provisions while simultaneously addressing broader social objectives aligned with the SDGs. Literature review: Existing scholarship highlights the significance of judicial discretion in Islamic family law, the evolving social dimensions of divorce litigation, and the tension between formal rules and contextual considerations. However, limited research explicitly addresses the integration of SDG principles into judicial reasoning in Muslim-majority jurisdictions, revealing a gap that this study seeks to fill by linking global development commitments with Islamic judicial practice. Method: Using a qualitative descriptive design, the study analyzes primary data derived from judicial interviews and official court documents, supported by secondary materials such as statutory instruments, Islamic legal texts, and contemporary academic literature. Results: The findings show that judges in Selangor apply a balanced approach that upholds procedural legality while considering the psychological, economic, and social welfare of both spouses. Judicial reasoning demonstrates sensitivity to gender equality, equitable access to justice, and family well-being—aligning implicitly with SDGs—while firmly grounded in Islamic legal principles. The decision-making process reflects harmonization between legal certainty, maṣlaḥah, and the pursuit of substantive justice. Implications: The study offers practical insights for policymakers, legal practitioners, and scholars seeking to integrate SDG-aligned values into Islamic family law jurisprudence. Novelty: Its key contribution lies in articulating how SDG commitments and Islamic legal principles converge within judicial reasoning, offering a new analytical lens for understanding contemporary divorce adjudication in Muslim legal systems.

Halal Food Standards for Food Security and Agricultural Sustainability: A Comparative Study of East Africa and Indonesia

2025-12-11T21:53:06+07:00

Objective: With a comparative focus on East Africa and Indonesia, this study attempts to explore how halal food standards contribute to agricultural sustainability and food security. In addition to addressing consumer trust, market access, and sustainable farming practices, the study looks at how halal certification regimes affect food production, distribution, and consumption. Theoretical framework: Islamic economic ideas and food systems theory serve as the study's foundation. While Islamic halal standards place a strong emphasis on ethical food production, consumer protection, and socioeconomic justice, food systems theory offers a perspective through which to view the relationships between production, distribution, and consumption. Literature review: Prior research emphasises how halal requirements affect market access, food safety, and moral consumption. While East African nations are still in the early stages of adoption due to issues like inadequate regulatory infrastructure, lax enforcement, and poor consumer awareness, Indonesia has gained widespread recognition for its extensive halal certification framework. Methods: This study uses a qualitative comparative methodology, examining institutional practices, policy documents, and sociocultural contexts in Indonesia and East Africa. In order to evaluate the efficacy and effects of halal standards on food security and agricultural sustainability. Results: The results show that Indonesia has constructed a strong halal certification system that guarantees food quality, helps smallholder farmers, and fosters international trade. East African nations, on the other hand, are still in the early phases of creating halal frameworks and are facing obstacles like insufficient regulatory monitoring, low consumer awareness, and shoddy enforcement procedures. Implications: The report emphasises how crucial it is to match halal certification with consumer protection, regional trade integration, and sustainable farming methods. In addition to easing access to expanding international halal markets, policymakers and industry stakeholders can use halal standards to benefit smallholder farmers, advance ethical food production, and improve food security. Novelty: This study's innovation is its comparative cross-regional analysis, which shows how halal food standards can be used as a tool for economic integration, sustainable agriculture, and food security in a variety of socioeconomic contexts.

Environmental Stewardship in Islam: Integrating Ethics, Sharia, and Contemporary Da’wah

2025-11-21T22:46:12+07:00

Objective: This study examines the role of the global Muslim community (Ummah) in promoting environmental stewardship by integrating Islamic teachings, Sharia principles, and contemporary Da’wah practices. It aims to highlight environmental protection as a religious and ethical responsibility embedded within Islamic faith and communal obligations. Theoretical framework: The study is grounded in core Islamic concepts, particularly tawhid (the oneness of Allah), khilafah (human stewardship of the earth), and amanah (trust), alongside Qur’anic and prophetic teachings that emphasise balance, moderation, and care for nature. These principles provide a normative Sharia-based framework for understanding environmental ethics in Islam. Literature review: Existing literature on Islamic environmental ethics, the socio-religious role of the Ummah, and faith-based environmental movements is reviewed. The discussion highlights how Islamic moral values intersect with sustainability discourse and how Da’wah has been utilised to encourage ethical behaviour, social responsibility, and environmental awareness within Muslim societies. Methods: This study employs qualitative desk research, drawing on secondary sources such as classical Islamic texts, contemporary scholarly works, journal articles, and reports on environmental sustainability and religious engagement. The data are analysed thematically to identify key ethical principles and practical approaches relevant to environmental stewardship. Results: The findings indicate that Islamic teachings offer a comprehensive ethical foundation for environmental protection. Da’wah emerges as a strategic instrument for translating Sharia and ethical principles into practical action, including community education, environmental campaigns, institutional collaboration, and media-based awareness initiatives addressing pollution, resource exploitation, and climate challenges. Implications: The study demonstrates that integrating Da’wah with environmental stewardship can strengthen Muslim engagement in sustainability initiatives and contribute to national and global environmental policies. It also underscores the potential of faith-based approaches to complement scientific and policy-driven environmental efforts. Novelty: This research advances scholarship by explicitly linking Islamic Da’wah with environmental stewardship, presenting a holistic Sharia-based framework that positions the Ummah as an active moral agent in addressing contemporary environmental crises.

The Meaning of Ahzab in the Quran: A Contextual Analysis of History and Its Application in Islamic Ethics

2025-12-26T17:53:44+07:00

Objective: This study aims to clarify the meaning of the term Ahzab in the Qur’an and to examine its appropriate application within Islamic ethical and socio-political discourse. The research seeks to provide a precise linguistic and terminological understanding of Ahzab, while distinguishing its Qur’anic usage from contemporary political interpretations that often lead to conceptual misuse. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework is grounded in Qur’anic semantics and classical Islamic scholarship, emphasizing contextual interpretation (siyāq and asbāb al-nuzūl) as essential tools for understanding key religious terms. Literature review: The literature review draws upon classical Qur’anic exegesis, authoritative Arabic dictionaries, and relevant contemporary studies to trace the historical, linguistic, and exegetical dimensions of Ahzab and related terms such as Hizbullah. Previous studies reveal a gap between traditional interpretations and modern political appropriations of Qur’anic terminology, which this research seeks to address. Methods: Methodologically, the study employs a qualitative inductive approach by identifying and analyzing all occurrences of the term Ahzab in the Qur’an. This approach is supported by descriptive and deductive methods, with systematic references to classical tafsir works and lexicographical sources to ensure textual accuracy and contextual consistency. Results: The findings demonstrate that Ahzab in the Qur’an consistently refers to groups or coalitions that oppose divine truth and prophetic missions, rather than neutral or legitimate political entities. Furthermore, the study confirms that Hizbullah does not denote a specific political party but signifies individuals and communities committed to faith, obedience, and moral integrity. Implications: The implications of this research highlight the ethical responsibility of interpreting Qur’anic terminology accurately, cautioning against its instrumentalization for political justification or social oppression. Novelty: The novelty of this study lies in its focused contextual and linguistic analysis of Ahzab, offering a corrective framework for contemporary discourse and contributing to a more ethical and textually grounded understanding of Qur’anic concepts.

Legal Proofs and Sharia Implementation of Aqiqah: A Normative and Empirical Analysis within Islamic Law and Social Reality

2026-01-11T23:02:38+07:00

Objective: The research aims to analyze the concept of aqiqah from the perspective of Islamic law through an examination of the postulates of shari'i and its implementation in contemporary Muslim society. Theoretical framework: This research is built on the basis of the approach of ushul fiqh and fiqh of worship, by placing the principles of maqasid al-shari'ah as a normative foundation. The concept of monotheism and obedience to the sunnah of the Prophet PBUH, is used as a frame in understanding the symbolic and social meaning of aqiqah as a form of gratitude for the birth of children and a form of social solidarity for Muslims. Literature review: Literature review is carried out by referring to classic works such as Al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhadzdzab by Imam Nawawi, Fiqh al-Sunnah by Sayyid Sabiq, as well as contemporary references such as the fatwa of the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) and the National Sharia Council. The literature shows that aqiqah has a strong basis in authentic hadith, although there are differences of opinion regarding the time of implementation and the number of slaughtered animals. Method: using a qualitative approach through literature studies and field observations. Empirical data were obtained through interviews with religious leaders and aqiqah service actors in urban and rural areas to find out the understanding of the community and the variety of implementation practices. Results: It shows that the majority of people understand aqiqah as the sunnah of mu'akkadah with high spiritual and social value, but the practice in the field is often not fully in accordance with the provisions of fiqh, especially in terms of time, intention, and distribution of meat. Implications: This research is expected to be a reference for religious institutions, Islamic education, and aqiqah service actors in straightening out the understanding of authentic Islamic law and building religious awareness based on maqasid al-shari'ah. Novelty: This research lies in an integrative approach that combines normative analysis of classical texts of fiqh with empirical observations of the practices of modern society. Not only does it highlight the different views of scholars, but it also presents a contextual perspective that explains the dynamics of the transformation of aqiqah law from the classical period to the modern era.